c) African American men

Abbott, M. E. (2000). “The street was mine”: White masculinity and urban space in hardboiled fiction and film noir.Unpublished Ph.D., New York University, United States— New York.

Abdel–Shehid, G. (2000). Who da’ man: Black masculinities and sport in Canada. Unpublished Ph.D., York University, Canada.

Abrams, J. A., Maxwell, M. L., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2018). Circumstances Beyond Their Control: Black Women’s Perceptions of Black Manhood. Sex Roles, 79(3), 151-162.

Abreu, Jose M., Rodney K. Goodyear, Alvaro Campos, and Michael D. Newcomb. (2000). Ethnic Belonging and Traditional Masculinity Ideology Among African Americans, European Americans, and Latinos. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 1(2), July.

Adu-Poku, Samuel. (2001). Envisioning (Black) Male Feminism: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Journal of Gender Studies, Volume 10, Number 2, July, pp. 157-167.

Alexander, B. K. (2006). Performing Black masculinity: race, culture, and queer identity. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.

Alexander, Bryant Keith. (2004). Passing, Cultural Performance, and Individual Agency: Performative Reflections on Black Masculine Identity. Cultural Studies - Critical Methodologies, 4, 3, Aug, 377-404.

Allen, J. S. (2003). Counterpoints: Black masculinities, sexuality, and self–making in contemporary Cuba. Unpublished Ph.D., Columbia University, United States— New York.

Allen, Q. (2017). “They Write Me Off and Don't Give Me a Chance to Learn Anything”: Positioning, Discipline, and Black Masculinities in School. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 48(3), 269-283.

Allen, Q. (2020). (In) visible men on campus: campus racial climate and subversive black masculinities at a predominantly white liberal arts university. Gender and Education, 32(7), 843-861.

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Archer, L. (2001). Muslim Brothers, Black Lads, Traditional Asians’: British Muslim Young Men’s Constructions of Race, Religion and Masculinity. Feminism & Psychology, 11(1), 79–105.

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Austin, Bobby William. et al. (2003). Wake Up and Start to Live: An Analysis of a Gallup Poll and a Statistical Profile of African American Men, 1990-2000. University Press of America.

Awkward, Michael. (1995). Negotiating Difference: Race, Gender and the Politics of Positionality. University of Chicago Press. (in part on a ‘black male feminism’).
Introduction: Reading across the Lines.
1: Race, Gender, and the Politics of Reading.
2: A Black Man’s Place in Black Feminist Criticism.
3: Negotiations of Power: White Critics, Black Texts, and the.
Self-Referential Impulse.
4: Representing Rape: On Spike, Iron Mike, and the “Desire Dynamic”.
5: “Unruly and Let Loose”: Myth, Ideology, and Gender in Song of Solomon.
6: “The Crookeds with the Straights”: On Fences, Race, and the Politics of.
Adaptation.
7: “A Slave to the Rhythm”: Essential(ist) Transmutations; or, The Curious.
Case of Michael Jackson

Awkward, Michael. (1999). Scenes of Instruction: A Memoir. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Awkward, Michael. (2002). Black Male Trouble: The Challenges for Rethinking Masculine Differences. In Gardiner, Judith Kegan. (ed.). Masculinity Studies and Feminist Theory: New Directions. Columbia University Press.

Baker, Houston A. (ed). (2001). Critical memory: Public spheres, African American writing, and Black fathers and sons in America. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

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Bell, Derrick. (1995). The Race-Charged Relationship of Black Men and Black Women. In Berger, Maurice, Wallis, Brian and Watson, Simon. (eds.). Constructing Masculinity. New York and London: Routledge.

Belton, Don, ed. Speak My Name: Black Men On Masculinity and the American Dream. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1995. Contents: Introduction: speak my name / Don Belton —Part one. How does it feel to be a problem? How does it feel to be a problem? / Trey Ellis —Confessions of a nice Negro, or why I shaved my head / Robin D.G. Kelley —The night I was nobody / John Edgar Wideman —On violence / David Nicholson —Why must a Black writer write about sex? (excerpt) / Dany Laferriere —Albert Murray on stage: an in- terview / Louis Edwards —Part two. Playing hardball. Mr. Brown and the sweet science / Randall Kenan — Playing hardball (from Colored people) / Henry Louis Gates, Jr. —On the distinction of “Jr.” / Houston A. Baker, Jr. —A mighty good man / Dennis A. Williams —Shades / William Henry Lewis —A turn for the worse / Bruce Morrow —Part three. Go home to your wife. Go home to your wife / Cecil Brown —My mother and Mitch / Clarence Major —A liar in love / Quinn Eli —The sexual diversion: the Black man/Black woman debate in context / Derrick Bell —Music, darkrooms, and Cuba / Richard Perry —Part four. Our lives together. Cool brother (from Out of the madness) / Jerrold Ladd —Palm wine / Reginald McKnight —The Black family / Amiri Baraka —Fade to Black: once upon a time in multiracial America / Joe Wood —Where we live: a conversation with Essex Hemphill and Isaac Julien / Don Belton —Part five. Heroes. Voodoo for Charles / Don Belton —The Black man: hero / Walter Mosley —Pain and glory: some thoughts on my father / Quincy Troupe —Race, rage, and intellectual development: a personal journey / Haki R. Madhubuti —Rickydoc: the Black man as hero / Arthur Flowers.

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Bolster, W. J. (1990).”To feel like a man”: Black seamen in the northern states, 1800–1860. The Journal of American History, 76, 1173–99.

Bolster, W. Jeffrey (1996) “Every inch a man”: gender in the lives of African American seamen, 1800– 1860. In Creighton, M. S., & Norling, L. (eds.). Iron men, wooden women: gender and seafaring in the Atlantic world, 1700–1920. Gender relations in the American experience. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Booker, Christopher B. (2000). “I Will Wear No Chain!”: a Social History of African–American Males. Westport, CT: Praeger. [Contents: Slavery and the development of black masculinity, 1619–1860 —The context of black masculine development during the antebellum era —The development of African American masculinity among free black males, 1619–1861 —The Civil War and the black male —African American males and the challenge of emancipation, 1865–1895 —Booker T. Washington, accommodationism, and black masculinity—Black males, race riots, and the scourge of lynching —Marcus Garvey and the new negro man —The emergence of the urban black male: increasing black power, 1945–1972 —African American males in contemporary society, 1972–present]

Bowleg, L. (2004). Love, Sex, and Masculinity in Sociocultural Context: HIV Concerns and Condom Use among African American Men in Heterosexual Relationships. Men & Masculinities, 7(2), 166–186.

Bowleg, L. (2013). Once You’ve Blended the Cake, You Can’t Take the Parts Back to the Main Ingredients”: Black Gay and Bisexual Men’s Descriptions and Experiences of Intersectionality. Sex Roles, 68(11-12), 754-767.

Bowleg, L., & Raj, A. (2012). Shared communities, structural contexts, and HIV risk: Prioritizing the HIV risk and prevention needs of Black heterosexual men. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S2), S173-S177.

Bowleg, L., Teti, M., Malebranche, D. J., & Tschann, J. M. (2013). It’s an uphill battle everyday”: Intersectionality, low-income Black heterosexual men, and implications for HIV prevention research and interventions. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(1), 25.

Boyd Herb, and Robert L. Allen. (eds.). (1996). Brotherman: The Odyssey of Black Men in America. Fawcett Books.

Boyd, Todd. (1996). A Small Introduction to the “G” Funk Era: Gangsta Rap and Black Masculinity in Contemporary Los Angeles. In Dear, Michael J., H. Eric Schockman, and Greg Hise, (eds.). Rethinking Los Angeles. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Boyd, Todd. (1997). The Day the Niggaz Took Over: Basketball, Commodity Culture, and Black Masculinity. In Baker, Aaron and Todd Boyd, (eds.). Out of Bounds: Sports, Media, and the Politics of Identity. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Braden, Warren R. (1999). Homies: Peer Mentoring Among African-American Males. L E P S Press.

Braziel, J. E. (2003). Trans–American Constructions of Black Masculinity: Dany Laferriere, le Negre, and the Late Capitalist American Racial machine–desirante. Callaloo, 26(3), 867–900.

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Brian, Phillip. (1996). Are We Not Men? Masculine Anxiety and the Problem of African-American Identity. New York: Oxford University Press.

Brown, Jeffrey A. (1999). Comic Book Masculinity and the New Black Superhero. African American Review, 33 (Spring): 25-42.

Brown, S., & Clark, K. (2003). Melodramas of Beset Black Manhood? Meditations on African–American Masculinity as Scholarly Topos and Social Menace: An Introduction. Callaloo,26(3), 732–737.

Bucholtz, M. (1999). You da man: Narrating the racial other in the production of white masculinity. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3(4), 443–60

Bush, L. V. (1998). Manhood, masculinity, and Black men: Toward an understanding of how Black mothers raise their sons to become men.Unpublished Ph.D., The Claremont Graduate University, United States —California.

Butters Jr., Gerald R. (2000). “Portrayals of Black Masculinity in Oscar Micheaux’s The Homesteader.”Literature–Film Quarterly,28, 54–59.

Butters, G. R. (2002). Black manhood on the silent screen. Culture America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. [Contents: Racialized masculinity and the politics of difference —The preformed image: watermelon, razors, and chicken thievery, 1896–1915 —Black cinematic ruptures and Ole Uncle Tom —African–American cin- ema and The birth of a nation —The defense of Black manhood on the screen —Oscar Micheaux: from homestead to lynch mob —Within our gates —Blackface, white independent all–Black productions, and the coming of sound: the late silent era, 1915–1931] [Butters, G. R., Jr. (1998). Portrayals of black masculinity in American silent film, 1896—1929.Unpublished Ph.D., University of Kansas, United States —Kansas]

Byrd, R. P., & Guy–Sheftall, B. (eds.) (2001). Traps: African American men on gender and sexuality. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Contents: The rights of women / Frederick Douglass —Give women fair play / Frederick Douglass / —I am a radical woman suffrage man / Frederick Douglass —The Black woman of the south / Alexander Crummell —The damnation of women / W. E. B. Du Bois — “When and where [we] enter” / Gary L. Lemons —In the days of my youth /Benjamin E. Mays —Feminism and equality / Bayard Rustin —Women’s rights are human rights / Kalamu Ya Salaam —Groundings with my sisters / Manning Marable —Breaking silences / Calvin Hernton —On becoming anti–rapist / Haki R. Madhubui —The sexual diversion / Derrick Bell —A Black man’s place in Black feminist criticism / Michael Awkward —Men / Nathan McCall —Mission statement of Black men for the eradication of sexism, Morehouse College — Here be dragons / James Baldwin —In the limelight / Arthur J. Robinson, jr. —The sexist in me / Kevin Powell —A phenomenology of the Black body / Charles Johnson —Thirteen ways of looking at a Black man / Henry Louis Gates, jr. —Mike’s brilliant career / Gerald Early —It’s raining men / Robert F. Reid–Pharr — Dear Minister Farrakhan / Men Stopping Violence —Black men in the movies / Edward Guerrero —A letter from Huey to the revolutionary brothers and sisters about the women’s liberation and gay liberation movements / Huey P. Newton —Brother to brother / Joseph Beam —Black macho revisited / Marlon Riggs —Does your mama know about me? / Essex Hemphill —Black sexuality / Cornel West —When you divide body and soul, problems multiply / Michael Eric Dyson — “Ain’t nothin’ like the real thing” / Kendall Thomas—Epilogue / Reflections of Black manhood.

Cannon, U. T. (2004). Against the grain: Black masculine narrative insurgency in contemporary fiction. Thesis (Ph. D.)—University of North Carolina at Greensboro

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Cheney, C. L. (2005). Brothers gonna work it out: sexual politics in the golden age of rap nationalism. New York: New York University Press. [Contents: From the revolutionary war to the “revolutionary generation”: some intro- ductory thoughts on rap music, black nationalism, and the golden age of rap nationalism—”We men ain’t we?”: mas(k)unlinity and the gendered politics of black nationalism—Brothers gonna work it out: the popu- lar/political culture of rap music—Ladies first?: defining manhood in the golden age of rap nationalism— Representin’ God: masculinity and the use of the Bible in rap nationalism—Be true to the game: final reflections on the politics and practices of the hip–hop nation]

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Christian, Tiffany Yvette. (2005). Good Cake: An Ethnographic Trilogy of Life Satisfaction among Gay Black Men. Men and Masculinities, 8(2), October, pp. 164-174.

Clark, K. (2002). Black manhood in James Baldwin, Ernest J. Gaines, and August Wilson. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Clark, Keith (1999). Re–(W)righting Black Male Subjectivity: The Communal Poetics of Ernest Gaines’s “A Gathering of Old Men”. Callaloo, 22(1), 195–207.

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Clark, Keith. (ed.). (2001). Contemporary Black Men’s Fiction and Drama. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Introduction / Keith Clark.
1. Rescuing the Black Homosexual Lambs: Randall Kenan and the Reconstruction of Southern Gay Masculinity / Sheila Smith McKoy.
2. The Disease Called Strength: The Masculine Manifestation in Raymond Andrew’s Appalachee Red / Trudier Harris.
3. Looking Homewood: The Evolution of John Edgar Wideman’s Folk Imagination / Raymond E. Janifer.
4. Commodity Culture and the Conflation of Time in Ishmael Reed’s Flight to Canada / A. T. Spaulding.
5. Clarence Major’s All-Night Visitors: Calibanic Discourse and Black Male Expression / James W. Coleman.
6. ‘I Was My Father’s Father, and He My Child’: The Process of Black Fatherhood and Literary Evolution in Charles Johnson’s Fiction / William R. Nash.
7. Prodigal Agency: Allegory and Voice in Ernest J. Gaines’s A Lesson before Dying / Herman Beavers.
8. Without a Cosmology: The Psychospiritual Condition of African-American Men in Brent Wade’s Company Man and Melvin Dixon’s Trouble the Water / Melvin B. Rahming.
9. Are Love and Literature Political? Black Homopoetics in the 1990s / Kenyatta Dorey Graves.
10. Healing the Scars of Masculinity: Reflections on Baseball, Gunshots, and War Wounds in August Wilson’s Fences / Keith Clark.

Clatterbaugh, Kenneth. (1990). A View From Outside: Gay and Black Men Respond. In Contemporary Perspectives on Masculinity: Men, Women, and Politics in Modern Society, Colorado & Oxford: Westview Press.

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Connor, M. E., & White, J. L. (eds.) (2006). Black fathers: an invisible presence in America. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Contents: Fatherhood in contemporary Black America: invisible but present / Michael E. Connor and Joseph L. White —Father–son relationships: the father’s voice / Freeman A. Hrabowski, Kenneth I. Maton, and Geoffrey L. Grief —Generative fathering: challenges to Black masculin- ity and identity / Leon D. Caldwell and Joseph L. White —My dad, my main man / Michael E. Connor — Intangible assets / Claytie Davis III and Percy L. Abram III —Images of Black fathers from the community / Kenneth W. Bentley —David Leroy Hopkins: the face of conscious manhood / Thomas A. Parham —Bill Cosby: America’s father / Anne Chan —A father’s call: father–son relationship survival of critical life transi- tions / Ivory Achebe Toldson and Ivory Lee Toldson —The fatherless father: on becoming dad / Leon D. Cald- well and Le’Roy Reese —A letter to my dad / Nnamdi Pole —Shane Price: father to four generations / Julie Landsman —A visible future: the African American Men Project and the restoration of community / Gary L. Cunningham —Fatherhood training: the Concordia project / Clarence Jones —Walking the walk: community programs that work / Michael E. Connor.

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Davis, J. E. (2006). Research at the Margin: Mapping Masculinity and Mobility of African–American High School Dropouts. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education (QSE),19(3), 289–304.

Davis, K. (2003). Surgical Passing: Or Why Michael Jackson’s Nose Makes ‘us’ Uneasy. Feminist Theory, 4(1): 73-92.

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Dyson, Michael Eric. (1995). Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X. New York: Oxford University Press.
Includes;
4. In Malcolm’s Shadow: Masculinity and the ghetto in Black Film.
6. Using Malcolm: Heroism, Collective Memory, and the Crisis of Black Males.

Dyson, Michael Eric(1994).The Politics of Black Masculinity and the Ghetto in Black Film. In Becker, Carol (ed.). The Subversive Imagination: Artists, Society, and Responsibility. New York: Routledge.

Earl, Riggins Renal. (2001). Apologists and Ideologues of Black Manhood and Brotherhood. pp. 113-132; IN: Dark salutations: Ritual, God, and greetings in the African American community. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International.

Edmondson, B. (2006). African American Manhood in the Making of Caribbean (Inter)Nationalism. Small Axe, 10(2), 261–268.

Eglash, R. (2002). Race, Sex, and Nerds: From Black Geeks to Asian American Hipsters. Social Text, Volume 20 Number 2, June, pp. 49-64.

Ek, A. (2005). Race and masculinity in contemporary American prison narratives. New York: Routledge.

Estes, Steve. (2000). ‘I am a Man!’: Race, Masculinity, and the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike. Labor History, 41 (May): 153-70.

Estes, Steve. (2005). I am a man!: race, manhood, and the civil rights movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. [Contents: Introduction: am I not a man and a brother? —Man the guns —A question of honor—Freedom summer and the Mississippi movement —God’s angry men —The Moynihan report —I am a man!: the Memphis sanitation strike — “The baddest motherfuckers ever to set foot inside of history”— Conclusion: “the heartz of men”]

Evans Braziel, J. (2003). Trans–American constructions of black masculinity: Dany Laferrière, ‘le Nègre’, and the late capitalist American racial ‘machine–désirante’. Callaloo, 26(3) , 867–900.

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Introduction / 7
One. Hegemonic Masculinities and Black Male Sex at All-Male Adult Theaters: The Relational Perspective—Anthony Lemelle Jr. / 13
Two. Revisiting Hypermasculinity: Shorthand for Marginalized Masculinities?—Richard N. Pitt and George Sanders / 33
Three. The Declining Significance of Black Male Employment: Gendered Racism of Black Men in Corporate America—Ron Stewart / 53
Four. A Father’s Performance of Masculinity as Seen Through the Eyes of Two Sons: A Postmortem Exploration—Whitney Stewart Harris and James Harris / 73
Five. Young Black Males, the Hoop Game, and Masculine Identities—Reuben A. Buford May / 87
Six. Body and Soul: History, Memory, and Representations of Black Masculinity—Pellom McDaniels III / 105
Seven. Becoming a Black Man—Ronald T. Ferguson / 127
Eight. Psychological Distress Among Black Men—Christina Jackson-Bailey / 139
Conclusion—Whitney Stewart Harris and Ronald T. Ferguson / 155.

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hooks, bell. (2003).We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. New York: Routledge. [Contents: About Black men: don’t believe the hype —Plantation patriarchy —Gangsta culture: a piece of the action —Schooling Black men —Don’t make me hurt you: black male violence —It’s a dick thing: beyond sexual acting out —From angry boys to angry me —Waiting for daddy to come home —Doing the love do —Healing the hurt —The coolness of being real.]

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Johnson, M. K. (2002). Black masculinity and the frontier myth in American literature. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press. Contents: Introduction, 3 — Ch. 1. “My Dress Was Purely in the Indian Stile”: Transforma- tion and Manhood on the American Frontier, 21 — Ch. 2. Civilized Manliness on the South Dakota Fron- tier, 69 — Ch. 3. “You Have Got to Be the Man All Through This Mess”: Performing — Gender in The Life and Adventures of Nat Love, Winona, and The Virginian, 98 — Ch. 4. “Half a Man at Best”: The Ritual Hunt and Manhood Denied, 147 — Ch. 5. “How Does It Feel to Be a White Man?”: New Frontiers in The Stone Face, 179 — Ch. 6. The Frontier Myth and Metaphors of Vision in The Man Who Cried I Am, 207 — Con- clusion, 239 [Johnson, M. K. (1997). Where he could be a man the frontier myth and constructions of white and black manhood in American literature. Thesis (Ph. D.)—University of Kansas]

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Includes;
Cultural Value Differences: Implications for the Experiences of African-American Men.
Clowns, Buffoons, and Gladiators: Media Portrayals of the African-American Man.
Institutional Factors That Influence the Academic Success of African-American Men.
Health and the African-American Man: A Selective Review of the Literature.
Intervention Research and the Empowerment of African-American Men.
Where Do We Go From Here?.

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5. Christian Feminism and the Destabilization of Gender in the Late Nineteenth Century.
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16. It’s a Man’s World.
17. Claude Neal’s Revenge.
18. Into Each Other’s Arms.
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