t) Technology and violence

Recent overviews

Afrouz, R. (2023). The nature, patterns and consequences of technology-facilitated domestic abuse: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 913-927.

Angela, F., María-Luisa, R.-d., Annalaura, N., & Ersilia, M. (2024). Online Sexual Harassment in Adolescence: A Scoping Review. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 21(4), 1480-1499. doi:10.1007/s13178-023-00869-1

Bansal, V., Rezwan, M., Iyer, M., Leasure, E., Roth, C., Pal, P., & Hinson, L. (2024). A scoping review of technology-facilitated gender-based violence in low-and middle-income countries across Asia. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(1), 463-475.

Benítez-Hidalgo, V., Henares-Montiel, J., Ruiz-Pérez, I., & Pastor-Moreno, G. (2025). International Prevalence of Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Against Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 26(4), 668-681. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380241286813 

Clevenger, S., & Gilliam, M. (2020). Intimate partner violence and the internet: Perspectives. In T. Holt & A. Bossler (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Cover, R., Buchanan, G., Figueiredo, B., Harris, D. X., Henry, N., Hurcombe, E., Howe, P., Micallef, D., McKay, D., Pond, P., Shackleton, N., Wijenayake, S., Zhou, X., Humphries, J., Alamri, A., & Simcock, R. (2026). Digital harms: Consistency in definition, understanding and action (Concept paper). RMIT University, Digital Ethnography Research Centre, DOI: 10.60836/s2w0-vn39

Dragiewicz, Molly, Woodlock, Delanie, Harris, Bridget, & Kennedy, Claire. (2019). Technology-facilitated coercive control. In DeKeseredy, W S, Rennison, C M, & Hall-Sanchez, A K (Eds.) The Routledge international handbook of violence studies. Routledge, United Kingdom, pp. 244-253.

Filice, E., Abeywickrama, K. D., Parry, D. C., & Johnson, C. W. (2022). Sexual violence and abuse in online dating: A scoping review. Aggression and violent behavior, 101781.

Flynn, A., Powell, A., Scott, A. J., & Cama, E. (2022). Deepfakes and digitally altered imagery abuse: A cross-country exploration of an emerging form of image-based sexual abuse. The British Journal of Criminology, 62(6), 1341-1358.

Gendera, S., & Breckenridge, J. (2021). The significance of technology as both a resource in enhancing safety, and a means of perpetrating violence: the implications for policy and practice. Journal of Gender-Based Violence, 5(3), 413-429.

Hall, M., Hearn, J., & Lewis, R. (2022). Digital Gender-Sexual Violations: Violence, Technologies, Motivations. Taylor & Francis.

Harris, B. A. (2020). Technology and violence against women. In The Emerald Handbook of Feminism, Criminology and Social Change. Emerald Publishing Limited.

Harris, Bridget (2020) Technology, domestic and family violence: perpetration, experiences and responses. QUT Centre for Justice.

IREX. (2023). Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence as an Attack on Women’s Public Participation: Review of Global Evidence and Implications. IREX.

Jurasz, O. (2024). Online violence against women: A Four Nations study. The Open University:

Kim, C., & Ferraresso, R. (2023). Examining technology-facilitated intimate partner violence: A systematic review of journal articles. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(3), 1325-1343.

Lazard, L., Capdevila, R., Turley, E. L., Gilfoyle, K., & Stavropoulou, N. (2025). Deepfake Technology and Gender-Based Violence: A Scoping Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 0(0), 15248380251384271. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380251384271

Leyton Zamora, C., Boddy, J., O'Leary, P., & Liang, J. (2023). Technology-facilitated abuse against women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds: A scoping review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(4), 2530-2543.

Martínez-Bacaicoa, J., Alonso-Fernández, M., Wachs, S., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2023). Prevalence and motivations for technology-facilitated gender-and sexuality-based violence among adults: a mixed-methods study. Sex Roles, 1-15.

McGrane, C. (2022). “It’s personal, not just political”: Gendered cyberhate towards women and gender diverse people in politics. Gender Equity Victoria. Available at: https://www.genvic.org.au/focus-areas/safety-respect/gendered-cyberhate/

Mitchell, M., Wood, J., O’Neill, T., Wood, M., Pervan, F., Anderson, B., & Arpke-Wales, W. (2022). Technology-facilitated violence: A conceptual review. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 17488958221140549.

Patel, U., & Roesch, R. (2022). The prevalence of technology-facilitated sexual violence: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(2), 428-443.

Posetti, J, Williams, K, Hellmueller, L, Renaud, P., Shabbir, N., Aboulez, N. (2026). Tipping point: Online violence impacts, manifestations and redress in the AI age. UN Women: New York.

Powell, A., & Flynn, A. (2023). Technology-Facilitated Abuse Victimization: A Gendered Analysis in a Representative Survey of Adults. Feminist Criminology, 18(5), 435-458. doi:10.1177/15570851231196548

Rocha-Silva, T., Nogueira, C., & Rodrigues, L. (2021). Intimate abuse through technology: A systematic review of scientific constructs and behavioral dimensions. Computers in Human Behavior, 122, 106861.

Rumman, C., & Dhanya, L. (2023). Technology-facilitated gender-based violence in an era of generative AI. UNESCO.

Saha, R., Ahlawat, S., Akram, U., Jangbahadur, U., Dhaigude, A. S., Sharma, P., & Kumar, S. (2024). Online abuse: a systematic literature review and future research agenda. International Journal of Conflict Management.

Stahel, L., & Weingartner, S. (2019). Online aggression from a sociological perspective: An integrative view on determinants and possible countermeasures. Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Abusive Language Online,

Stonard, Karlie E. (2021). Technology-assisted abuse within intimate relationships. In Devaney, J., Bradbury-Jones, C., Macy, R. J., Øverlien, C., & Holt, S. (Eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Domestic Violence and Abuse. Routledge.

UN Women and SVRI. (2025). Global Trends to Prevent and Respond to Technology-Facilitated Violence against Women and Girls: A Compendium of Emerging Practices. New York: UN Women

UN Women, & World Health Organization. (2023). Technology-Facilitated Violence against Women: Taking Stock of Evidence and Data Collection. UN Women, & World Health Organization.

UNFPA and Wilson Center. (2023). 2022 Global Symposium on Technology-facilitated Gender-Based Violence results: Building a common pathway. UNFPA.

Watson, S. (2024). Online abuse of women: an interdisciplinary scoping review of the literature. Feminist Media Studies, 24(1), 51-69.

Wilson, C., Sheridan, L., & Garratt-Reed, D. (2023). Examining cyberstalking perpetration and victimization: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(3), 2019-2033.

Woodlock, D., McKenzie, M., Western, D., & Harris, B. (2019). Technology as a weapon in domestic violence: Responding to digital coercive control. Australian Social Work, 1-13.

Further works

Adams, C. (2018). “They Go for Gender First”: The nature and effect of sexist abuse of female technology journalists. Journalism Practice, 12(7), 850-869.

Aiston, J., 2023. Digitally Mediated Misogyny and Critical Discourse Studies: Methodological and Ethical Implications. Modern Languages Open, (1), p.6. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3828/mlo.v0i0.454

Alonso-Fernández, M., Martínez-Bacaicoa, J., Romero-Suárez, M., Mateos-Pérez, E., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2025). Prevalence and Predictors of Digital Sexual Harassment Perpetration Among Youth: The Role of Demographics, Sexism, Moral Disengagement, and Online Ethical Values. Behavioral Sciences, 15(12), 1642. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/12/1642

Amankaviciute, S., Pringle, H., & Zalnieriute, M. (June 2021). Freedom of expression of women in the public sphere: From objectification to technology facilitated sexual violence. Submission to the Thematic Report on the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression and Gender Justice for the 76th session of the General Assembly, June 2021.

Bailey, L., Hulley, J., Gomersall, T., Kirkman, G., Gibbs, G., & Jones, A. D. (2023). The Networking of Abuse: Intimate Partner Violence and the Use of Social Technologies. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 0(0), 00938548231206827. doi:10.1177/00938548231206827

Banks, J., & Andersson, C. (2023). The Role of Technology in Stalking and Coercive Control Among Young People. In M. Mellins, R. Wheatley, & C. Flowers (Eds.), Young People, Stalking Awareness and Domestic Abuse (pp. 121-140). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Barker, K., & Jurasz, O. (2019). Online Misogyny. Journal of International Affairs, 72(2), 95-114.

Benton-Greig, P., Gamage, D., & Gavey, N. (2018). Doing and denying sexism: online responses to a New Zealand feminist campaign against sexist advertising. Feminist Media Studies, 18(3), 349-365.

Bernstein, S., Warburton, W. A., Bussey, K., & Sweller, N. (2022). Beyond the screen: violence and aggression towards women within an excepted online space. Sexes, 3(1), 78-96.

Berryhill, A., & Fuentes, L. (2023). Technology-facilitated violence against women: Taking stock of evidence and data collection. UN Women, WHO, Joint Programme on Violence Against Women Data

Blake, K. R., O’Dean, S. M., Lian, J., & Denson, T. F. (2021). Misogynistic Tweets Correlate With Violence Against Women. Psychological Science, 0(0), 0956797620968529. doi:10.1177/0956797620968529

Bleakley, P., & McCarthy, K. (2024). The Appeal of Abuse: The Public Popularity of Online Image-based Abuse in the Early 2010s. Sexuality & Culture, 28(3), 964-982. doi:10.1007/s12119-023-10158-z

Boduszek, D., Debowska, A., Jones, A. D., Ma, M., Smith, D., Willmott, D., . . . Kirkman, G. (2019). Prosocial video game as an intimate partner violence prevention tool among youth: A randomised controlled trial. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 260-266.

Boyle, K., & Rathnayake, C. (2019). #HimToo and the networking of misogyny in the age of #MeToo. Feminist Media Studies, 1-19. doi:10.1080/14680777.2019.1661868

Brown, A., Harkin, D., & Tanczer, L. M. (2024). Safeguarding the “Internet of Things” for Victim-Survivors of Domestic and Family Violence: Anticipating Exploitative Use and Encouraging Safety-by-Design. Violence Against Women, 0(0), 10778012231222486. doi:10.1177/10778012231222486

Brown, C., & Hegarty, K. (2021). Development and validation of the TAR Scale: A measure of technology-facilitated abuse in relationships. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100059

Brown, C., Fiolet, R., McKay, D., & Harris, B. (2023). Exploring the use of story completion to understand the perpetration of technology-facilitated abuse in relationships. Qualitative Research Journal.

Brown, C., Sanci, L., & Hegarty, K. (2021). Technology-facilitated abuse in relationships: Victimisation patterns and impact in young people. Computers in Human Behavior, 124, 106897. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106897

Brown, C., Yap, M., Thomassin, A., Murray, M., & Yu, E. (2021). ‘Can I just share my story?’ Experiences of technology-facilitated abuse among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women from regional and remote areas [Report]. https://apo.org.au/node/313414

Buntain, C. (2018). Characterizing Gender Differences in Misogynistic and Antisocial Microblog Posts. In Online Harassment (pp. 127-150): Springer.

Byerly, C. M. (2025). Online silencing: women and the political economy of digital communication. In Handbook on Gender and Digital Media (pp. 126-139): Edward Elgar Publishing.

Caridade, S. M. M., & Braga, T. (2020). Youth cyber dating abuse: A meta-analysis of risk and protective factors. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 14(3).

Cava, M.-J., Martínez-Ferrer, B., Buelga, S., & Carrascosa, L. (2020). Sexist attitudes, romantic myths, and offline dating violence as predictors of cyber dating violence perpetration in adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 111, 106449.

Cowie, H., & Myers, C.-A. (2023). Cyberbullying and Online Harms: Preventions and Interventions from Community to Campus. Taylor & Francis.

Cross, C., Holt, K., & O’Malley, R. L. (2022). “If U Don’t Pay they will Share the Pics”: Exploring Sextortion in the Context of Romance Fraud. Victims & Offenders, 1-22. doi:10.1080/15564886.2022.2075064

Damra, J. K., Abujilban, S., & Akour, M. M. (2023). The Cyber Intimate Partner Violence: Prevalence, Context, and Relationship With In-Person Intimate Violence Victimization. Journal of Family Issues, 0(0), 0192513X231181366. doi:10.1177/0192513x231181366

Dimond, J. P., Fiesler, C., & Bruckman, A. S. (2011). Domestic violence and information communication technologies. Interacting with Computers, 23(5), 413-421.

Dodaj, A., & Sesar, K. (2023). Sexting coercion within romantic context: a test of Akers’ social learning theory. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 1-14. doi:10.1080/13552600.2023.2182377

Döring, N., Krämer, N., Mikhailova, V., Brand, M., Krüger, T. H., & Vowe, G. (2021). Sexual interaction in digital contexts and its implications for sexual health: a conceptual analysis. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 769732.

Douglas, H., Harris, B. A., & Dragiewicz, M. (2019). Technology-facilitated domestic and family violence: Women’s experiences. The British Journal of Criminology, 59(3), 551-570.

Dragiewicz, M., Burgess, J., Matamoros-Fernandez, A., Salter, M., Suzor, N. P., Woodlock, D., & Harris, B. (2018). Technology facilitated coercive control: Domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 609-625.

Dragiewicz, M., Harris, B., Woodlock, D., & Salter, M. (2021). Digital media and domestic violence in Australia: Essential contexts. Journal of Gender-Based Violence. https://doi.org/10.1332/239868021X16153782923978

Dunn, S., Vaillancourt. T., & Brittain, H. (2023). Supporting Safer Digital Spaces. Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Durán-Guerrero, E., Nocentini, A., Menesini, E., & Sánchez-Jiménez, V. (2025). Online Sexual Harassment Perpetration Among Peer Adolescents: A Cross-National and Cross-Gender Study. Behavioral Sciences, 15(7), 969. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/7/969

Ehman, A. C., & Gross, A. M. (2024). Keyboard coercion: Online and face-to-face sexual aggression in a college sample. Journal of American College Health, 72(5), 1480-1489.

Ella, B.-A., Smadar, B.-A., & Shirley, D. S. (2023). Social punishment by the distribution of aggressive TikTok videos against women in a traditional society. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 21(1), 129-142. doi:10.1108/JICES-06-2022-0059

Emelianchik-Key, K., Byrd, R., & Gill, C. S. (2022). Dating Violence and the Impact of Technology: Examining the Lived Experiences of Sorority Members. Violence Against Women, 28(1), 73-92. doi:10.1177/1077801221998799

Enock, F. E., Stevens, F., Bright, J., Cross, M., Johansson, P., Wajcman, J., & Margetts, H. Z. (2024). Understanding gender differences in experiences and concerns surrounding online harms: A short report on a nationally representative survey of UK adults. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.00463.

eSafety Commissioner. (2025). Fighting the tide: Encounters with online hate among targeted groups. Canberra: Australian Government.

eSafety Commissioner. (2025). Hate in the digital age: Adults’ encounters with online hate. Canberra: Australian Government.

Faith, B. (2022, 2022/12/01). Tackling online gender-based violence; understanding gender, development, and the power relations of digital spaces. Gender, Technology and Development, 26(3), 325-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2022.2124600

Felmlee, D., Inara Rodis, P., & Zhang, A. (2020). Sexist Slurs: Reinforcing Feminine Stereotypes Online. Sex Roles, 83(1), 16-28. doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01095-z

Ferraresso, R., & Kim, C. (2024). Cyber Dating Abuse Among Korean College Students: An Exploratory Study of Risk and Protective Factors. SAGE Open, 14(3), 21582440241284930.

Fiolet, R., Brown, C., McKay, D., Marsden, S., Leins, K., & Harris, B. (2023). Perpetrator Perceptions on the Emotions and Motivations Driving Technology-Facilitated Abuse in Relationships: A Story Completion Study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(23-24), 11999-12024. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231190340 

Flynn, A., Clough, J., & Cooke, T. (2021). Disrupting and preventing deepfake abuse: Exploring criminal law responses to AI-facilitated abuse. In A. Powell, A. Flynn, & L. Sugiura (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Violence and Technology (pp. 583–603). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83734-1_29

Fox, J., Cruz, C., & Lee, J. Y. (2015). Perpetuating online sexism offline: Anonymity, interactivity, and the effects of sexist hashtags on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 436-442. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.024

Gallegos, A., García Ampudia, L., Morales Córdova, H., Londoño-Celis, W., Velazco Mendoza, O. A., & Valencia, J. (2026). Cyberbullying against women in digital environments; examining manifestations, risk factors, and institutional responses. Discover Psychology. doi:10.1007/s44202-026-00585-y

Gámez-Guadix, M., Sorrel, M. A., & Martínez-Bacaicoa, J. (2022). Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adolescents: A Network Analysis. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. doi:10.1007/s13178-022-00775-y

Gámez-Guadix, M., Sorrel, M. A., & Martínez-Bacaicoa, J. (2023). Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adolescents: A Network Analysis. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20(3), 1000-1012. doi:10.1007/s13178-022-00775-y

García, T., Garnelo, M., Kim, J., Rosales, M. (2021), Applying Behavioral Insights to Address Digital Violence Against Women and Girls. Survey Findings. UN Women for the Americas and the Caribbean and The Behavioral Insights Team.

Gavey, N., Wech, A., Hindley, P., Thorburn, B., Single, G., Calder-Dawe, O., & Benton-Greig, P. (2023). Preventing image-based sexual coercion, harassment and abuse among teenagers: Girls deconstruct sexting-related harm prevention messages. Sex Education, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2023.2198205

Gennari, F., Büchi, M., Guedes, A., Schafer, M., & Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2025). The Role of Psychosocial Factors in Youth Sexting: Multi-Country Analysis of Risk Perception. Journal of Adolescent Health, 76(5), 847-855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.01.008

Gillett, R. (2018). Intimate Intrusions Online: Studying the Normalisation of Abuse in Dating Apps. Women’s Studies International Forum, 69, 212-219.

Gjika, A. (2023). When Rape Goes Viral: Youth and Sexual Assault in the Digital Age. Univ of California Press.

Groggel, A., Kokoris, G., & Journet, S. (2024). Stereotypical Victims: Visibility of #MeToo Disclosures on Twitter. Violence Against Women, 31(5), 1238–1263. doi:10.1177/10778012241228288

Guidorzi, B., & Dickins, S. (2023). Technology and gender based violence: Risks and opportunities. Irish Consortium on Gender Based Violence.

Hall, M., Lewis, R., & Hearn, J. (2025). The Bounded Limitlessness of Digital Gender–Sexual Violations: The Implications for Women and Gender–Sexual Relations. Violence Against Women, 0(0), 10778012241292293. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012241292293 

Hand, T., Chung, D., & Peters, M. (2009). The use of information and communication technologies to coerce and control in domestic violence and following separation. Sydney, AU: Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse, UNSW.

Harkin, D., & Merkel, R. (2023). Technology-Based Responses to Technology-Facilitated Domestic and Family Violence: An Overview of the Limits and Possibilities of Tech-Based “Solutions”. Violence Against Women, 29(3-4), 648-670. doi:10.1177/10778012221088310

Harmer, E., & Lewis, S. (2020). Disbelief and counter-voices: a thematic analysis of online reader comments about sexual harassment and sexual violence against women. Information, Communication & Society, 1-18. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1770832

Harris, B. A., & Woodlock, D. (2019). Digital coercive control: Insights from two landmark domestic violence studies. The British Journal of Criminology, 59(3), 530-550.

Harris, B., & Woodlock, D. (2022). “You can’t actually escape it”: Policing the use of technology in domestic violence in rural Australia. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 11(1), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2190

Harris, B., and D. Woodlock. (2022). Spaceless violence: Women’s experiences of technology-facilitated domestic violence in regional, rural and remote areas. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 644. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti78405

Hayes, R. M., & Dragiewicz, M. (2018, November). Unsolicited dick pics: Erotica, exhibitionism or entitlement?. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 71, pp. 114-120). Pergamon.

Hearn, J., Lewis, R., Seymour, K., & Hall, M. (2025). The challenges and impacts of digital intimate partner violence for social work. In G. Ottmann & C. Noble (Eds.), AI and the Disruption of Welfare (pp. 217-228): Routledge.

Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2015). Embodied harms: Gender, shame, and technology-facilitated sexual violence. Violence against women, 21(6), 758-779.

Henry, N., Vasil, S., Flynn, A., Kellard, K., & Mortreux, C. (2022). Technology-facilitated domestic violence against immigrant and refugee women: A qualitative study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(13-14), NP12634-NP12660.

Herry, E., & Mulvey, K. L. (2022). Gender‐based cyberbullying: Understanding expected bystander behavior online. Journal of Social Issues.

Kavanagh, E., & Brown, L. (2019). Towards a research agenda for examining online gender-based violence against women academics. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 1-9.

Kavanagh, E., & Brown, L. (2020). Towards a research agenda for examining online gender-based violence against women academics. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(10), 1379-1387.

Kim, C., & Ferraresso, R. (2023). Examining technology-facilitated intimate partner violence: A systematic review of journal articles. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(3), 1325-1343.

Kim, S., Choi, E., & Champion, J. D. (2023). Technology-facilitated Sexual Violence in South Korea: A Content Analysis of a Website for Victims. Violence Against Women, 0(0), 10778012231172712. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012231172712

Koch, L., Russo Riva, M. P., & Steinert, J. I. (2025). Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence Against Politically Active Women: A Systematic Review of Psychological and Political Consequences and Women’s Coping Behaviors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 0(0), 15248380251343185. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380251343185 

Koukopoulos, N., Janickyj, M., & Tanczer, L. M. (2025). Defining and Conceptualizing Technology-Facilitated Abuse (“Tech Abuse”): Findings of a Global Delphi Study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0(0), 08862605241310465. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241310465

Lenhart, Amanda, Michele Ybarra, Kathryn Zickuhr, and Myeshia Price-Feeney. (2016). Online harassment, digital abuse, and cyberstalking in America. Data and Society Research Institute. URL: https://www.datasociety.net/pubs/oh/Online_Harassment_2016.pdf

Lewis, R., Rowe, M., & Wiper, C. (2017). Online abuse of feminists as an emerging form of violence against women and girls. British Journal of Criminology, 57(6), 1462-1481.

Lewis, R., Rowe, M., & Wiper, C. (2018). Misogyny online: extending the boundaries of hate crime. Journal of gender-based violence, 2(3), 519-536.

Lewis, R., Rowe, M., & Wiper, C. (2019). Online/Offline Continuities: Exploring Misogyny and Hate in Online Abuse of Feminists. In Online Othering (pp. 121-143). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Lumsden, K. (2019). ‘“I Want to Kill You in Front of Your Children” Is Not a Threat. It’s an Expression of a Desire’: Discourses of Online Abuse, Trolling and Violence on r/MensRights. In Online Othering (pp. 91-115). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Lumsden, K., & Morgan, H. (2017). Media framing of trolling and online abuse: silencing strategies, symbolic violence, and victim blaming. Feminist Media Studies, 17(6), 926-940.

Marganski, A.J. and Melander, L.A. (2021), Technology-Facilitated Violence Against Women and Girls in Public and Private Spheres: Moving from Enemy to Ally. In: Bailey, J., Flynn, A. and Henry, N. (Ed.) The Emerald International Handbook of Technology Facilitated Violence and Abuse. Emerald, Bingley, pp. 623-641.

Matias, J. N., Johnson, A., Boesel, W. E., Keegan, B., Friedman, J., & DeTar, C. (2015). Reporting, Reviewing, and Responding to Harassment on Twitter. Women, Action, and the Media. May 13, 2015. http://womenactionmedia.org/twitter-report. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1505/1505.03359.pdf

McMillan, I. F., Schroeder, G. E., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2023). Heterogeneity in College Student’s Technology-Facilitated Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Occurring Post-Breakup: A Latent Profile Analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0(0), 08862605231171416. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231171416

Michalko, J. (2026). Online violence against women in politics: What shapes political party responses to technology-facilitated gender-based violence? ALIGN.

Milne, B., Ringrose, J., Horeck, T., & Mendes, K. (2026). Tinder for teens: Youth digital intimate cultures and tech facilitated violence on Snapchat. Computers in Human Behavior, 174, 108823.

Morales, E., Hodson, J., Chen, Y., Gosse, C., Mendes, K., & Veletsianos, G. (2024). “You Did It to Yourself”: An Exploratory Study of Myths About Gender-Based Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse Among Men. Sex Roles, 90(11), 1521-1533. doi:10.1007/s11199-024-01514-w

Ndungu, J., Ngcobo-Sithole, M., & Gibbs, A. (2022). Learners’ viewpoints on the possibilities and limitations imposed by social contexts on online group-based participatory interventions to address violence. Global Public Health, 1-18. doi:10.1080/17441692.2022.2092182

Paat, Y.-F., & Markham, C. (2021). Digital crime, trauma, and abuse: Internet safety and cyber risks for adolescents and emerging adults in the 21st century. Social Work in Mental Health, 19(1), 18-40.

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