f) Circumcision

Recent overviews and reviews

Bailis, S. A., Moreton, S., Krieger, J. N., & Morris, B. J. (2022). Tye & Sardi’s Psychological, Psychosocial, and Psychosexual Aspects of Penile Circumcision. Advances in Sexual Medicine, 12(3), 65-83.

Bañuelos Marco, B. (2022). Is it time for a time-out? Progress versus politics in studying the psychosexual implications of penile circumcision. International Journal of Impotence Research, 1-4.

Bershteyn, A., Mudimu, E., Platais, I., Mwalili, S., Zulu, J. E., Mwanza, W. N., & Kripke, K. (2022). Understanding the evolving role of voluntary medical male circumcision as a public health strategy in Eastern and Southern Africa: opportunities and challenges. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 1-11.

Bossio, J. A., Pukall, C. F., & Bartley, K. (2015). You either have it or you don't: The impact of male circumcision status on sexual partners. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 24(2), 104-119.

Bossio, J. A., Pukall, C. F., & Steele, S. (2014). A review of the current state of the male circumcision literature. The journal of sexual medicine, 11(12), 2847-2864.

Boyle, G. J. (2015). Does male circumcision adversely affect sexual sensation, function, or satisfaction? Critical comment on Morris and Krieger (2013). Advances in Sexual Medicine, 5(02), 7.

Earp, B. D. (2013). The ethics of infant male circumcision. Journal of Medical Ethics, 39(7).

Earp, B. D., & Steinfeld, R. (2018). Genital autonomy and sexual well-being. Current Sexual Health Reports, 10(1), 7-17.

Farley, T. M., Samuelson, J., Grabowski, M. K., Ameyan, W., Gray, R. H., & Baggaley, R. (2020). Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context–systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 23(6), e25490.

Frisch, M., & Earp, B. D. (2016). Problems in the qualitative synthesis paper on sexual outcomes following non-medical male circumcision by Shabanzadeh et al. Dan Med J, 63(7), A5245.

Gao, Y., Sun, Y., Zheng, W., Lin, Y. F., Tian, T., Li, Y., ... & Zou, H. (2022). Risk Compensation in Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programs. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 1-6.

Gao, Y., Yuan, T., Zhan, Y., Qian, H. Z., Sun, Y., Zheng, W., ... & Zou, H. (2021). Association between medical male circumcision and HIV risk compensation among heterosexual men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 9(7), e932-e941.

Grund, J. M., Bryant, T. S., Jackson, I., Curran, K., Bock, N., Toledo, C., ... & Davis, S. M. (2017). Association between male circumcision and women's biomedical health outcomes: a systematic review. The Lancet Global Health, 5(11), e1113-e1122.

Grund, J. M., Bryant, T. S., Toledo, C., Jackson, I., Curran, K., Zhou, S., . . . Li, P. (2019). Association of male circumcision with women’s knowledge of its biomedical effects and with their sexual satisfaction and function: a systematic review. AIDS and Behavior, 23(5), 1104-1114.

Hallett, T. B., Alsallaq, R. A., Baeten, J. M., Weiss, H., Celum, C., Gray, R., & Abu-Raddad, L. (2011). Will circumcision provide even more protection from HIV to women and men? New estimates of the population impact of circumcision interventions. Sexually transmitted infections, 87(2), 88-93.

Kabwama, S. N., Ssewanyana, D., & Berg-Beckhoff, G. (2018). The association between male circumcision and condom use behavior-a meta-analysis. Materia socio-medica, 30(1), 62.

Lei, J. H., Liu, L. R., Wei, Q., Yan, S. B., Yang, L., Song, T. R., ... & Han, P. (2015). Circumcision status and risk of HIV acquisition during heterosexual intercourse for both males and females: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 10(5), e0125436.

Lin, Y., Gao, Y., Sun, Y., Turner, D., Zou, H., Vermund, S. H., & Qian, H. Z. (2022). Does Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Reduce HIV Risk in Men Who Have Sex with Men?. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 1-4.

Matoga, M., Hosseinipour, M. C., Jewett, S., Hoffman, I. F., & Chasela, C. (2021). Effects of HIV voluntary medical male circumcision programs on sexually transmitted infections. Current opinion in infectious diseases.

Morris, B. J. (2021). Voluntary medical male circumcision proves robust for mitigating heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus infection. In (Vol. 73, pp. e1954-e1956): Oxford University Press US.

Morris, B. J., & Krieger, J. N. (2013). Does male circumcision affect sexual function, sensitivity, or satisfaction?—a systematic review. The journal of sexual medicine, 10(11), 2644-2657.

Morris, B. J., & Krieger, J. N. (2015). The literature supports policies promoting neonatal male circumcision in North America. The journal of sexual medicine, 12(5), 1305.

Morris, B. J., & Krieger, J. N. (2020). The contrasting evidence concerning the effect of male circumcision on sexual function, sensation, and pleasure: a systematic review. Sexual Medicine, 8(4), 577-598.

Morris, B. J., Hankins, C. A., Lumbers, E. R., Mindel, A., Klausner, J. D., Krieger, J. N., & Cox, G. (2019). Sex and male circumcision: Women’s preferences across different cultures and countries: A systematic review. Sexual Medicine, 7(2), 145-161.

Morris, B. J., Moreton, S., & Krieger, J. N. (2019). Critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision: A systematic review. Journal of Evidence‐Based Medicine, 12(4), 263-290.

Morris, B. J., Moreton, S., Bailis, S. A., Cox, G., & Krieger, J. N. (2022). Critical evaluation of contrasting evidence on whether male circumcision has adverse psychological effects: A systematic review. Journal of Evidence‐Based Medicine, 15(2), 123-135.

Morris, B. J., Moreton, S., Krieger, J. N., & Klausner, J. D. (2022). Infant circumcision for sexually transmitted infection risk reduction globally. Global Health: Science and Practice, 10(4).

Morris, B. J., Wamai, R. G., Henebeng, E. B., Tobian, A. A. R., Klausner, J. D., Banerjee, J., & Hankins, C. A. (2016). Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision. Population Health Metrics, 14(1), 4. doi:10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5

Serwadda, D. M., & Kigozi, G. (2021). Does medical male circumcision result in sexual risk compensation in Africa? The Lancet Global Health, 9(7), e883-e884.

Shabanzadeh, D. M., Clausen, S., Maigaard, K., & Fode, M. (2021). Male circumcision complications–A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Urology, 152, 25-34.

Shabanzadeh, D. M., Düring, S., & Frimodt-Møller, C. (2016). Male circumcision does not result in inferior perceived male sexual function–a systematic review. Dan Med J, 63(7), A5245.

Shapiro, S. B., Laurie, C., El-Zein, M., & Franco, E. L. (2023). Association between male circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in males and females: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Clinical Microbiology and Infection.

Sharma, S. C., Raison, N., Khan, S., Shabbir, M., Dasgupta, P., & Ahmed, K. (2018). Male circumcision for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition: a meta‐analysis. BJU international, 121(4), 515-526.

Tian, Y., Liu, W., Wang, J. Z., Wazir, R., Yue, X., & Wang, K. J. (2013). Effects of circumcision on male sexual functions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian journal of andrology, 15(5), 662.

Tobian, A. A., & Gray, R. H. (2011). The medical benefits of male circumcision. JAMA, 306(13), 1479-1480.

Tye, M. C., & Sardi, L. M. (2022). Psychological, psychosocial, and psychosexual aspects of penile circumcision. International Journal of Impotence Research. doi:10.1038/s41443-022-00553-9

Yuan, T., Fitzpatrick, T., Ko, N. Y., Cai, Y., Chen, Y., Zhao, J., ... & Zou, H. (2019). Circumcision to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data. The Lancet Global Health, 7(4), e436-e447.

Zhang, C., & Vermund, S. H. (2022). Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention: a Global Overview. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 1-10.

Zhang, C., Qian, H. Z., Liu, Y., & Vermund, S. H. (2019). Voluntary medical male circumcision and HIV infection among men who have sex with men: Implications from a systematic review. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, 2050312119869110.

 

Further works

Adams, A. K., Day, S., Pienaar, J., Dlamini, N., Ndlovu, K., & Mangara, P. (2022). Towards a context-specific understanding of masculinities in Eswatini within voluntary medical male circumcision programming. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 24(9), 1168-1180. doi:10.1080/13691058.2021.1933185

Aggleton, P. (2007). “Just a Snip”?: A Social History of Male Circumcision. Reproductive Health Matters, 15(29), 15-21.

Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh, Sami. A. (1994). To Mutilate in the Name of Jehovah or Allah: Legitimization of Male and Female Circumcision. Medicine and Law, Vol. 13, Nos. 7-8 (July), pp. 575-622.

Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh, Sami. A. (2001). Male and female circumcision among Jews, Christians and Muslims: Religious, medical, social and legal debate. Warren PA, Shangri-La Publications (MarcPolMonographs, No. 5).

Allan, J. A. (2020). The foreskin aesthetic or ugliness reconsidered. Men and Masculinities, 23(3-4), 558-578.

Allan, J. A. (2021). Circumcision Debates in Sexology Magazine (1934–1975). The Journal of Men’s Studies, 29(3), 354–372. doi:10.1177/10608265211004574

Allan, Jonathan A. (2018). The Foreskin Aesthetic, or Ugliness Reconsidered. Men and Masculinities. [online first]. doi:10.1177/1097184X17753038

Allan, Jonathan.A. (2018).”The First Rip Off”: Anti-Circumcision Activism in Men’s Magazines. Porn Studies 5.3: 305-301.

Bailis, S. A., Moreton, S., & Morris, B. J. (2019). Critical evaluation of a survey claiming “Long-term adverse outcomes from neonatal circumcision”. Advances in Sexual Medicine, 9(4), 67-109.

Bell, Kirsten (2005) Genital Cutting and Western Discourses on Sexuality, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 2 pp. 12548.Berkeley, B. (1993). Foreskin: A Closer Look. Alyson Publications.

Bigelow, Jim. (year?). The Joy of Uncircumcising! Restoring Your Birthright and Maximise Sexual Pleasure. Hourglass Book Publishing.

Boyd, Billy Ray. (year?). Circumcision: What It Does.

Briggs, Anne. (year?). Circumcision: What Every Parent Should Know.

British Journal of Urology. (1999). Supplement 1: Circumcision (15 Articles), Vol 83, January.

Carrasco, M. A., Wilkinson, J., Kasdan, B., & Fleming, P. (2019). Systematic review of barriers and facilitators to voluntary medical male circumcision in priority countries and programmatic implications for service uptake. Global public health, 14(1), 91-111.

Carter, N. (1979). Routine circumcision: the tragic myth. Liberty Bell Publications.

Castro-Vázquez, G. (2013). Japanese Women's Views on Penile Hygiene and Male Circumcision. International Journal of Sexual Health, 25(3), 240-247.

Chanahan, John. (1994). The Unkindest Cut. (Circumcision) XY: Men, Sex, Politics, 4(1), Autumn..

Darby, R. (2005). Pathologizing male sexuality: lallemand, spermatorrhea, and the rise of circumcision. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences [NLM - MEDLINE], 60(3): 283.

Darby, Robert (2003). Treating phimosis. Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 178, 2 June.

Darby, Robert (2004). Male circumcision and risk of HIV-1 infection. The Lancet, Vol. 363, June 12, p. 1997.

Darby, Robert (2005). Pathologising male sexuality: Lallemand, spermatorrhoea and the rise of circumcision. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Vol. 60, July, pp. 283-319.

Darby, Robert (2005). The riddle of the sands: Circumcision, history and myth. New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 118, 15 July.

Darby, Robert (2005). The sorcerer’s apprentice: Why can’t we stop circumcising boys. Contexts magazine (USA), Vol. 4, No. 2, Spring.

Darby, Robert. (2003). Circumcision as a preventive of masturbation: A review of the historiography. Journal of Social History, Vol. 36, Spring 2003.

Darby, Robert. (2003). Medical history and medical practice: Persistent myths about the foreskin. Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 178, 17 February.

Darby, Robert. (2005). A Surgical Temptation: The Demonization of the Foreskin and the Rise of Circumcision. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Dave, S.S., Johnson A.M., Fenton K.A., et al. (2003). Male Circumcision in Britain: Findings from a national probability sample survey. Sex Trans Infect;79:499-500.

Denniston, G., and M.F. Milos. (eds.). (1997). Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy. New York: Plenum.

Denniston, George C., Frederick Hodges, and Marilyn Milos (eds.) (2001). Male and female circumcision: Medical, legal and ethical considerations in pediatric practice. New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Denniston, George C., Frederick Hodges, and Marilyn Milos. (eds.) (2004). Flesh and blood: Perspectives on the problem of circumcision in contemporary society. London and New York, Kluwer Academic and Plenum Press.

Denniston, George. Frederick Hodges, and Marilyn Milos. (eds.). (2001). Understanding circumcision: A multi-disciplinary approach to a multi-dimensional problem. London and New York, Kluwer Academic Publishers and Plenum Press.

Dias, J., Freitas, R., Amorim, R., Espiridião, P., Xambre, L., & Ferraz, L. (2014). Adult circumcision and male sexual health: a retrospective analysis. Andrologia, 46(5), 459-464.

Dritsas, Lawrence (2001). Below the belt: Doctors, debate and the ongoing American discussion of routine neonatal male circumcision. Bulletin of Science and Technology, Vol. 21, pp. 297-311.

Earp, B. (2016). Boys and girls alike: The ethics of male and female circumcision. Women, Health, & Healthcare: Readings on Social, Structural, & Systemic Issues. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, 113-116.

Earp, B. (2017). Gender, genital alteration, and beliefs about bodily harm. The journal of sexual medicine, 14(5), e225.

Earp, B. D. (2012). The AAP report on circumcision: bad science+ bad ethics= bad medicine. Practical Ethics.

Earp, B. D. (2014). Female genital mutilation (FGM) and male circumcision: Should there be a separate ethical discourse?

Earp, B. D. (2015a). Do the benefits of male circumcision outweigh the risks? A critique of the proposed CDC guidelines. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 3, 18.

Earp, B. D. (2015b). Female genital mutilation and male circumcision: Toward an autonomy-based ethical framework. Medicolegal and Bioethics, 5, 89-104.

Earp, B. D. (2015c). Sex and circumcision. The American Journal of Bioethics, 15(2), 43-45.

Earp, B. D. (2016a). Between Moral Relativism and Moral Hypocrisy: Reframing the Debate on” FGM”. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 26(2), 105-144.

Earp, B. D. (2016b). In defence of genital autonomy for children. Journal of Medical Ethics, 42(3), 158-163.

Earp, B. D. (2016c). Infant circumcision and adult penile sensitivity: implications for sexual experience. Trends in Urology & Men's Health, 7(4), 17-21.

Earp, B. D., & Darby, R. (2019). Circumcision, autonomy and public health. Public Health Ethics, 12(1), 64-81.

Earp, B. D., & Shaw, D. M. (2017). Cultural bias in American medicine: the case of infant male circumcision. Journal of Pediatric Ethics, 1(1), 8-26.

Earp, B. D., Sardi, L. M., & Jellison, W. A. (2018). False beliefs predict increased circumcision satisfaction in a sample of US American men. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(8), 945-959.

Earp, B., & Darby, R. (2017). Circumcision, sexual experience, and harm. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 37(2).

Fish, M., Shahvisi, A., Gwaambuka, T., Tangwa, G. B., Ncayiyana, D., & Earp, B. D. (2021). Voluntary medical male circumcision: responding to Brian Morris. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(11), 2152-2152.

Fleiss, P.M. (1997). The Case Against Circumcision. Mothering: The Magazine of Natural Family Living, Winter, pp. 36-45.

Fleiss, Paul and Frederick Hodges (2002). What your doctor may not tell you about circumcision, New York, Warner Books.

Fox, M. and M. Thomson. (2005). A covenant with the status quo? Male circumcision and the new BMA guidance to doctors. Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 31, pp. 463-69.

Fox, M. and M. Thomson. (2005). Short Changed? The Law and Ethics of Male Circumcision. International Journal of Children’s Rights, Vol. 13, pp.  161-81.

Friedman, B., Khoury, J., Petersiel, N., Yahalomi, T., Paul, M., & Neuberger, A. (2016). Pros and cons of circumcision: an evidence-based overview. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 22(9), 768-774.

Frisch, M., & Earp, B. D. (2018). Circumcision of male infants and children as a public health measure in developed countries: a critical assessment of recent evidence. Global public health, 13(5), 626-641.

Frisch, M., Lindholm, M., & Grønbæk, M. (2011). Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: a survey-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40(5), 1367-1381.

Glick, Leonard. (2005). Marked in your flesh: Circumcision from ancient Judea to modern America. New York, Oxford University Press.

Goldman, Ronald. (1997). Circumcision: The hidden trauma - How an American cultural practice affects infants and ultimately us all. Boston, Vanguard Publications.

Gollaher, David L. (2001). Circumcision: A History of the World’s Most Controversial Surgery. Basic Books.

Hammond, T., & Carmack, A. (2017). Long-term adverse outcomes from neonatal circumcision reported in a survey of 1,008 men: an overview of health and human rights implications. The International Journal of Human Rights, 21(2), 189-218.

Henerey, Adam. (2004). Evolution of Male Circumcision as Normative Control. Journal of Men’s Studies, Spring, 12(3).

Hodges, Frederick. (2001). The ideal prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome:  Male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos, circumcision, foreskin restoration and the Kinodesme. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Vol. 75, 2001, pp. 375-405.

Hodgson, D. (2020). USA and UK: differences on neonatal circumcision. Trends in Urology & Men's Health, 11(2), 27-29.

Hoffman, Lawrence. (1996). Covenant of Blood: Circumcision and Gender in Rabbinic Judaism. University of Chicago Press.

Homfray, V., Tanton, C., Mitchell, K. R., Miller, R. F., Field, N., Macdowall, W., . . . Mercer, C. H. (2015). Examining the association between male circumcision and sexual function: evidence from a British probability survey. AIDS (London, England), 29(11), 1411.

Iacob, S. I., Feinn, R. S., & Sardi, L. (2022). Systematic review of complications arising from male circumcision. BJUI compass, 3(2), 99-123.

Journal of Men’s Health and Gender, 4(3), September 2007.
The case for routine circumcision / Yaser El-Hout, Raja B. Khauli.
Circumcision as a lifetime vaccination with many benefits / Edgar J. Schoen.
Male circumcision – see the harm to get a balanced picture / John D. Dalton.
The case against circumcision / George Hill.
Berkeley, Bud. (1993). Foreskin: A Closer Look. Boston: Alyson Publications.

Kennedy, A. O. (2016). Intactivism: Understanding Anti-Male Circumcision Organizing in the US (Doctoral dissertation, The Graduate School, Stony Brook University: Stony Brook, NY.).

Kigozi, G., Watya, S., Polis, C. B., Buwembo, D., Kiggundu, V., Wawer, M. J., . . . Bacon, M. C. (2008). The Effect of Male Circumcision on Sexual Satisfaction and Function, Results from a Randomized Trial of Male Circumcision for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention, Rakai, Uganda. BJU international, 101(1), 65-70.

Kim, D., & Pang, M. G. (2007). The effect of male circumcision on sexuality. BJU international, 99(3), 619-622.

Malone, P., & Steinbrecher, H. (2007). Medical Aspects of Male Circumcision. Bmj, 335(7631), 1206-1290.

Mehta, S. D. (2022). The Effects of Medical Male Circumcision on Female Partners’ Sexual and Reproductive Health. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 1-7.

Miller, Geoffrey (2002). Circumcision: Cultural-legal analysis. Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law, Vol. 9, pp. 497-585.

Moreton, S. (2020). Do false beliefs predict increased circumcision satisfaction in men? Advances in Sexual Medicine, 10(2), 41-55.

Morris, B. J. (2015). Commentary: do the benefits of male circumcision outweigh the risks? A critique of the proposed CDC guidelines. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 3, 88.

Morris, B. J., & Krieger, J. N. (2013). Does Male Circumcision Affect Sexual Function, Sensitivity, or Satisfaction?—a Systematic Review. The journal of sexual medicine, 10(11), 2644-2657.

Morris, B. J., Katelaris, A., Blumenthal, N. J., Hajoona, M., Sheen, A. C., Schrieber, L., . . . Katelaris, P. (2022). Evidence-based circumcision policy for Australia. Journal of Men's Health, 18(6), 132.

Morris, B. J., Krieger, J. N., & Klausner, J. D. (2017). CDC's male circumcision recommendations represent a key public health measure. Global Health: Science and Practice, 5(1), 15-27.

Morris, B. J., Moreton, S., Krieger, J. N., Klausner, J. D., & Cox, G. (2022). Re: The medical evidence on non-therapeutic circumcision of infants and boys—setting the record straight. International Journal of Impotence Research, 1-3.

Moscucci, Ornella (1996). Clitoridectomy, circumcision and the politics of sexual pleasure in mid-Victorian Britain. In Andrew H. Miller and James Eli Adams (eds.), Sexualities in Victorian Britain, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.

Murray, M. M., & Allen, K. R. (2020). Emerging Adults’ Perceptions of Male Circumcision in the United States: Facts, Fictions, and Future Plans. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 15(2), 180-200.

O’Hara, Kristen with Jeffrey O’Hara (2001) Sex as nature intended it. Hudson. Mass., Turning Point Publications.

Parsons, Gail Pat (1977). Equal treatment for all: American medical remedies for male sexual problems, 1850-1900. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Vol. XXXII, pp. 55-71.

Richters, J., Smith, A., de Visser, R., Grulich, A. & Rissel, C. (2006) Circumcision in Australia: prevalence and effects on sexual health. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 17, 547-554.

Richters, Juliet. (2006). Circumcision and the socially imagined sexual body. Health Sociology Review, v.15 no.3, Aug.: 248-257.

Ritter, Thomas. (year?). Say No To Circumcision! Forty Reasons Why You Should Respect His Birthright and Keep Your Son Whole. Hourglass Book Publishing.

Sardi, L., & Livingston, K. (2015). Parental Decision Making in Male Circumcision. MCN. The American journal of maternal child nursing, 40(2), 110.

Schultheiss, D., J. J. Mattelaer and F. M. Hodges (2003). Preputial infibulation: From ancient medicine to modern genital piercing. BJU International, Vol. 92, 758-63.

Schwartz, Howard Eilberg. (1994). God’s Phallus and Other Problems for Men and Monotheism. Boston: Beacon Press.

Siroosbakht, S., & Rezakhaniha, B. (2022). A comprehensive comparison of the early and late complications of surgical circumcision in neonates and children: A cohort study. Health Science Reports, 5(6), e939.

Somerville, Margaret A. (2000). Altering baby boys’ bodies: The ethics of infant male circumcision. In The ethical canary: Science, society and the human spirit, Toronto, Viking/Penguin.

Spilsbury, Katrina et al (2003). Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys. Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 178, (17 February), pp. 155-8.

Spilsbury, Katrina et al (2003b). Routine circumcision practice in Western Australia 1981-1999. ANZ Journal of Surgery, Vol. 73, pp. 610-14.

Taylor J. R., Lockwood A. P., Taylor A. J. (1996). The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision. British Journal of Urology, Vol. 77, pp. 291-5.

Tian, Y., Liu, W., Wang, J.-Z., Wazir, R., Yue, X., & Wang, K.-J. (2013). Effects of circumcision on male sexual functions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian journal of andrology, 15(5), 662.

Van Howe, Robert (2004). A cost-utility analysis of neonatal circumcision. Medical Decision Making, Vol. 24 (December), pp. 584-601.

Waldeck, Sarah (2003). Using circumcision to understand social norms as multipliers. University of Cincinnati Law Review, Vol. 72, pp. 455-526.

Wallerstein, Edward. (1980). Circumcision: An American Health Fallacy. New York: Springer Publishing Company.

Watson, L. R. (2014). Unspeakable mutilations: circumcised men speak out. Lindsay R. Watson.

Weiss, H. A., Larke, N., Halperin, D., & Schenker, I. (2010). Complications of Circumcision in Male Neonates, Infants and Children: A Systematic Review. BMC urology, 10(1), 2.

Wiginton, J. M., Fleming, P. J., Barrington, C., Donastorg, Y., Lerebours, L., & Brito, M. O. (2019). Masculine gender norms, male circumcision, and men’s engagement with health care in the Dominican Republic. Global public health, 1-12.

Zoske, Joseph. (1998). Male Circumcision: A Gender Perspective. Journal of Men’s Studies, 6(2), Winter, pp. 189-208.

Zulu, R., Jones, D., Chitalu, N., Cook, R., & Weiss, S. (2015). Sexual satisfaction, performance, and partner response following voluntary medical male circumcision in Zambia: the spear and shield project. Global Health: Science and Practice, 3(4), 606-618.